Attention Deficits in Healthcare Workers with Non-Clinical Burnout: An Exploratory Investigation.

Burnout syndrome is characterized by exhaustion, cynicism, and reduced effectiveness. Workers with high burnout scores who continue their professional activities are identified as experiencing non-clinical burnout (NCB), which includes early stages where burnout symptoms (BNS) are present but not yet severe enough to necessitate work leave. This study aimed to investigate the impact of BNS on attention performance among healthcare workers (HCWs) at a COVID-19 reference hospital during the pandemic. The Maslach Burnout Inventory (MBI) was applied to assess the three burnout dimensions. The Continuous Visual Attention Test (CVAT) evaluated four different attention subdomains. Participants were divided into two groups based on their scores on the MBI: controls and NCB. Thirteen controls were matched with 13 NCB subjects based on age, sex, and HCW category. This sample (n = 26, 65% male) consisted of 11 physicians and 15 nursing professionals with a mean age of 35.3 years (standard deviation = 5.47). NCB subjects had higher impulsivity than controls. There were not any significant group differences in the other attention subdomains. We found significant correlations between impulsivity and all burnout dimensions: higher absolute scores in BNS are associated with higher impulsivity. We concluded that NCB leads to executive attention deficits.

Tracking demands for seeking psychological help before and during the COVID-19 pandemic: a quanti-qualitative study.

The COVID-19 pandemic has placed unprecedented burdens on individuals and communities around the world. The isolation, fear, and uncertainty caused by the virus has led to increased rates of anxiety, depression, and other mental health issues. The pandemic has also had a disproportionate impact on individuals and communities with low income and socioeconomic status.ObjectiveTo shed light on the consequences of the pandemic on individuals from minorities and low-income areas, we investigate the main reasons that led patients who were referred to a social clinic of a private university in Rio de Janeiro to seek psychological treatment before (2019) and during the pandemic (2020 and 2021).MethodsWe conducted a quanti-qualitative study with a lexical analysis that evaluated 549 complaint forms of patients seeking treatment in these two distinct periods. Our analyses included descending hierarchical analysis (DHA) and correspondence factor analysis (CFA).ResultsFamily dynamics and communication factors play a dominant role in the reason for seeking therapy and psychological treatment. Additionally, our study suggested an increase in anxiety and panic attacks among other mental health issues associated with grief and losses during the pandemic years.ConclusionBased on these analyses, we can begin to identify a few changes in the main demand and redirection of complaints of patients during the period of COVID-19.

Modelling the impact of functionality, cognition, and mood state on awareness in people with Alzheimer's disease.

OBJECTIVES: To investigate the nature of the relationship between cognitive function, mood state, and functionality in predicting awareness in a non-clinically depressed sample of participants with mild to moderate Alzheimer's disease (AD) in Brazil. METHODS: People with AD (PwAD) aged 60 years or older were recruited from an outpatient unit at the Center of AD of the Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. Measures of awareness of condition (Assessment Scale of the Psychosocial Impact of the Diagnosis of Dementia), cognitive function (Mini-Mental State Examination), mood state (Cornell Scale for Depression in Dementia), and functionality (Pfeffer Functional Activities Questionnaire) were applied to 264 people with mild to moderate AD and their caregivers. Hypotheses were tested statistically using SEM approach. Three competing models were compared. RESULTS: The first model, in which the influence of mood state and cognitive function on awareness was mediated by functionality, showed a very good fit to the data and a medium effect size. The competing models, in which the mediating variables were mood state and cognitive function, respectively, only showed poor model fit. CONCLUSION: Our model supports the notion that the relationship between different factors and awareness in AD is mediated by functionality and not by depressive mood state or cognitive level. The proposed direct and indirect effects on awareness are discussed, as well as the missing direct influence of mood state on awareness. The understanding of awareness in dementia is crucial and our model gives one possible explanation of its underlying structure in AD.

Effects of an Online Play-Based Parenting Program on Child Development and the Quality of Caregiver-Child Interaction: A Randomized Controlled Trial.

Background: Studies assessing the effects of parenting programs have focused on interventions delivered through face-to-face modalities. There is a need for research to evaluate the effects of online parenting programs on child development, such as the BEM Program ('Play Teaches Change' in English), an online play-based parenting program that teaches caregivers on how to introduce playful interactions into their daily household chores. Objective: To assess the effects of the BEM Program on child development and the quality of caregiver-child interaction. Method: A two-arm randomized controlled trial was conducted in a socioeconomically disadvantaged district of São Paulo city in Brazil. 129 children aged 12-23 months and their caregiver were randomly assigned to receive either the BEM Program for 8 weeks (intervention, n = 66) or standard child care (control, n = 63). Data were collected at baseline and endline of the intervention through home visits and online interviews. An intention-to-treat analysis was conducted. Results: The intervention showed positive effects on child development, by improving language development (Cohen's d = 0.20, 95%CI 0.08-0.47) and reduced intrusiveness (Cohen's d = 0.35, 95%CI 0.06-0.65) of caregiver-child interaction. No significant differences were observed in caregiver's repertoire and engagement in age-appropriate play activities with the child while doing the household chores, parenting sense of competence and perceived stress. Conclusions: Despite the small size and low adherence to the program, such promising results advance evidences for fully remote parenting programs and their effects on child development.

Tracking demands for seeking psychological help before and during the COVID-19 pandemic: a quanti-qualitative study

Abstract The COVID-19 pandemic has placed unprecedented burdens on individuals and communities around the world. The isolation, fear, and uncertainty caused by the virus has led to increased rates of anxiety, depression, and other mental health issues. The pandemic has also had a disproportionate impact on individuals and communities with low income and socioeconomic status. Objective To shed light on the consequences of the pandemic on individuals from minorities and low-income areas, we investigate the main reasons that led patients who were referred to a social clinic of a private university in Rio de Janeiro to seek psychological treatment before (2019) and during the pandemic (2020 and 2021). Methods We conducted a quanti-qualitative study with a lexical analysis that evaluated 549 complaint forms of patients seeking treatment in these two distinct periods. Our analyses included descending hierarchical analysis (DHA) and correspondence factor analysis (CFA). Results Family dynamics and communication factors play a dominant role in the reason for seeking therapy and psychological treatment. Additionally, our study suggested an increase in anxiety and panic attacks among other mental health issues associated with griefand losses during the pandemic years. Conclusion Based on these analyses, we can begin to identify a few changes in the main demand and redirection of complaints of patients during the period of COVID-19.

Spirituality, religiosity and mental health during the COVID-19 pandemic / Espiritualidade, religiosidade e saúde mental durante a pandemia de COVID-19

Objective: Depression and anxiety were disorders evidenced during the - Coronavirus disease19 pandemic. In this study, these conditions were evaluated as a function of Spirituality/Religiosity, as well as private prayer practices and attendance at religious spaces. Spirituality and religiosity have been widely investigated as health promoters. Methods: A sample of 1,293 participants completed the Beck Depression Inventory Primary Care, the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory, the Religious Spiritual Coping Brief Scale, and a sociodemographic questionnaire. The group was separated into Spirituality/Religiosity levels, prayer practices, and attendance at religious centers. Results: An ANOVA concluded that those who pray alone daily develop lower anxiety traits (F (8,133) = 7.885, p < 0.001) compared with individuals who pray once or twice a year. Participants who self-declared to be very spiritual exhibited fewer depressive symptoms (M = 2.57, SD = 2.88) compared to non-spiritual participants (M = 4.29, SD = 4.07, p < 0.001). Conclusion: In summary, Spirituality/Religiosity can positively impact mental health.

Objetivo: A espiritualidade e a religiosidade têm sido amplamente investigadas como promotoras de saúde. Depressão e ansiedade foram transtornos evidenciados durante a pandemia da doença do coronavírus" 19. Neste estudo, essas condições foram avaliadas em função da espiritualidade e religiosidade, assim como práticas de oração privada e atendimento em espaços religiosos. Método: Uma amostra de 1.293 participantes completou o Inventário de Depressão de Beck na Atenção Primária, o Inventário de Ansiedade Traço-Estado, a Escala Breve de Enfrentamento Espiritual Religioso e um Questionário Sociodemográfico. O grupo foi dividido em níveis espiritualidade e religiosidade, práticas de oração e frequência em centros religiosos. Resultados: Uma ANOVA concluiu que aqueles que rezam sozinhos diariamente apresentam menores traços de ansiedade (F (8,133) = 7,885, p < 0,001) em comparação com aqueles que rezam uma ou duas vezes por ano. Participantes muito espirituais apresentaram menos sintomas depressivos (M = 2,57, DP = 2,88) do que os participantes não espirituais (M = 4,29, DP = 4,07, p < 0,001). Conclusão: Em resumo, espiritualidade e religiosidade podem impactar positivamente a saúde mental.

Cross-cultural differences in beliefs about emotions: A comparison between Brazilian and British participants / Diferenças transculturais em crenças sobre emoções: uma comparação entre participantes brasileiros e britânicos

ABSTRACT Objective: Perfectionist beliefs about emotions impact the experience and expression of emotions, being linked to increased levels of depression and anxiety. Given the influence of culture in the representation and expression of emotion, it is possible that beliefs vary across countries, but few empirical studies have been conducted on the theme. This study aims to compare Brazilian and British samples regarding their beliefs about emotional experience and expression. Methods: The current study compared a total of 960 Brazilian and British participants, with the samples having a similar profile in terms of age, gender and ethnicity. Participants answered online the Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD-7), Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-9), and Beliefs about Emotions Scale (BES). This study aims to compare Brazilian and British samples with regard to beliefs about emotional experience and expression. Results: Significant differences between samples were found for beliefs about emotions. As hypothesized, Brazilians scored lower on unhelpful beliefs about emotions, except for beliefs about experiencing negative feelings and emotional control. Differences in total BES scores remained even after the inclusion of depression and anxiety as covariates. Conclusions: Results suggest higher endorsement of perfectionist beliefs in a European versus a Latin American context, but highlight that this pattern depends on the specific beliefs being studied. These differences should be considered when working with people from different cultural backgrounds and developing cultural adaptations for clinical interventions and psychopathology models.

RESUMO Objetivo: Crenças perfeccionistas sobre emoções afetam a experiência e expressão de emoções, estando relacionadas a níveis aumentados de depressão e ansiedade. Dada a influência da cultura na representação e expressão de emoções, é possível que as crenças variem entre os países, mas poucos estudos empíricos foram realizados sobre o tema. Este estudo tem o objetivo de comparar amostras brasileiras e britânicas em relação às suas crenças sobre a experiência emocional e expressão. Métodos: O presente estudo comparou um total de 960 participantes brasileiros e britânicos, com as amostras tendo um perfil semelhante em termos de idade, gênero e etnia. Os participantes responderam on-line à Escala de Ansiedade Generalizada (GAD-7), ao Questionário de Saúde do Paciente (PHQ-9) e à Escala de Crenças sobre Emoções (BES). Resultados: Foram encontradas diferenças significativas entre as amostras em relação às crenças sobre emoções. Como hipotetizado, os brasileiros obtiveram pontuações mais baixas em crenças prejudiciais sobre emoções, exceto nas crenças sobre experienciar sentimentos negativos e controle emocional. As diferenças nos escores totais da BES permaneceram mesmo após a inclusão de depressão e ansiedade como covariáveis. Conclusões: Os resultados sugerem maior endosso de crenças perfeccionistas em um contexto europeu, em comparação com um contexto latino-americano, mas destacam que esse padrão depende das crenças específicas estudadas. Essas diferenças devem ser consideradas ao trabalhar com pessoas de diferentes origens culturais e no desenvolvimento de adaptações culturais para intervenções clínicas e modelos de psicopatologia.

Self- and Other-Evaluation in Alzheimer's Disease.

BACKGROUND: Impaired awareness of ability is common in dementia and has important clinical implications. Evidence from different clinical groups has shown that awareness can vary according to whether evaluation refers to self or other performance. OBJECTIVE: The present study aimed to investigate awareness for self- and other-performance in Alzheimer's disease (AD) patients, exploring if results vary according to cognitive domain of the tasks. It was hypothesized that, particularly for memory tasks, AD patients would be inaccurate in relation to self-but not other-performance. METHODS: Twenty-two mild to moderate AD patients and twenty-two healthy older adults participated. Two tasks, with reaction time and working memory tasks, were carried out, and each had a success and a failure condition. Participants were asked to estimate their own performance, as well as the performance of another person they observed. Awareness of performance was measured comparing participant estimations of performance with actual performance. RESULTS: For both the reaction time and working memory tasks, results indicate that participants from both groups overestimated the performance in the failure condition and underestimated the performance in the success condition. They tended to overestimate more the performance of the other person compared to themselves. Additionally, for the working memory task, AD patients tended to overestimate more performances compared to controls. CONCLUSION: Findings suggest that the AD and control groups present the same pattern, with attribution of better performance to another person. For the AD group, the pattern of response was different for memory tasks, which may suggest domain-specific limited awareness.

Episodic memory training in elderly: A systematic review.

Introduction: Episodic memory is a cognitive process that allows the recall of experiences, learning, and the pursuit of future goals. During the aging process, episodic memory declines negatively, impacting social and psychological aspects in the elderly. Such intervention strategies as cognitive training are non-pharmacological ways of reducing these losses. Objective: We systematically reviewed studies of the cognitive training of episodic memory in healthy elderly individuals and elderly individuals with clinical conditions. Method: We systematically searched the PubMed, PsycNET, Web of Science, and SciELO databases using the descriptors "Episodic Memory" AND "Training" AND "Elderly" OR "Aging" OR "Dementia" in English and translated into Portuguese. Results: Of the 572 articles that were identified by the search, 23 were included in the final analysis. The main variables that comprised the intervention protocols (i.e., characteristics of the sample, type of control group, mode of episodic memory training, and duration of training) were investigated, as well as the outcome variables, efficacy, and risk of bias. The main results indicated effectiveness with regard to different forms of the cognitive training of episodic memory. Conclusion: Episodic memory training among the elderly can mitigate the negative effects of cognitive decline in dementia and healthy subjects promoting impacts at social, psychological, and economic levels. Although it is a widely studied topic, further empirical studies on the utility of episodic memory training in healthy elderly individuals and elderly individuals with clinical conditions are still needed.

Associated Factors of Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder Diagnosis and Psychostimulant Use: A Nationwide Representative Study.

BACKGROUND: Connections between epidemiological findings and children's and adolescents' mental health policies have not been properly made in Brazil, and such nationwide studies are scarce. This epidemiological study (1) estimated the prevalence and predictors of parent-reported attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) (ADHD-report), (2) estimated the probable diagnosis and risk of ADHD based on Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 5th edition, criteria (ADHD-probable), and (3) estimated current psychostimulant use (ADHD-pst) in a representative nationwide sample of Brazilian school-aged children and adolescents. METHODS: Data were obtained from 7114 school-aged children (49.9% boys) from 87 cities in 18 Brazilian states. Parents and teachers were interviewed using psychometrically sound questionnaires. Data and codes are available. RESULTS: The prevalence of ADHD-report, ADHD-probable, and ADHD-pst were 7.1%, 3.9%, and 1.9%, respectively. The agreement was low between ADHD-probable and ADHD-report (22.6%) and between ADHD-report and ADHD-pst (15.6%). Logistic regression revealed that predictors of all three categories were male gender (odds ratio [OR] = 1.71, 2.32, and 1.96, respectively), divorced parents (OR = 1.47, 1.65, and 1.68, respectively), and below-expectation school performance (OR = 3.1, 13.74, and 3.95, respectively). Socioeconomic status was a significant predictor of ADHD-report, and participants from lower classes were less frequently diagnosed with ADHD than their peers from upper classes (OR = 0.57, 95% confidence interval = 0.37-0.88, P = 0.012). CONCLUSIONS: The present findings provide an accurate description of ADHD in Brazil. We suggest disparities in agreement between report, risk, and psychostimulant use among children and adolescents and discrepancies between socioeconomic classes concerning the prevalence of an ADHD diagnosis.

Measuring social norms and attitudes about age-disparate transactional sex: Psychometric testing of the NAATSS.

Background: Transactional sex between girls under 18 years-old and adult men at least ten years older, known as age-disparate transactional sex (ADTS), is an established risk factor for HIV, STI and early pregnancy among girls and women. Social norms or beliefs about what others expect from you and what others do can sustain behaviours such as ADTS even when individuals may be personally against them. In order to evaluate interventions to change social norms, validated instruments for measuring change in personal beliefs and social norms regarding ADTS are needed. Methods: Items for the Norms and Attitudes on Age-Disparate Transactional Sex Scale (NAATSS) were generated based on qualitative interviews and expert panel review. The reliability and validity of the NAATSS was tested in a representative sample (N = 431) from Brazilian favelas. Factor analysis assessed construct validity, Cronbach's alpha assessed reliability, and t-tests and analysis of variances tested hypothesized differences between gender, age, and previous experience with ADTS in both the social norms and personal beliefs domains. Findings: Factor analysis revealed three factors in each domain. The factors were labelled "Attributions to Girls' Behaviour" which has 5 items, "Men's Motivations" with 5 items, and "Girls' Readiness to have Sex" with 3 items. The subscales evidenced acceptable reliability with Cronbach's alphas ranging from 0.72 to 0.83 for the social norms subscales and 0.59 to 0.82 for the personal beliefs subscales. Interpretation: The items were developed based on qualitative research and expert rankings and the resulting Norms and Attitudes on ADTS Scale exhibits strong psychometric properties. Each of the three subscales within the two domains illustrate good factor structure, acceptable internal consistency reliability, and are supported by the significance of the hypothesized group differences. Funding: This work was supported by the OAK Foundation [grant number OCAY-16-188].

Aspectos psicométricos de instrumentos neuropsicológicos: revisão conceitual, proposta de interpretação de percentis e classificações

A avaliação neuropsicológica é um procedimento fundamental especialmente a pacientes que possam apresentar suspeita de transtornos neurológicos, psicológicos ou psiquiátricos. Uma de suas finalidades é mapear aspectos do perfil psicológico e comportamental do examinando e, com isso, auxiliar o diagnóstico em saúde mental. Frequentemente, esse processo integra os resultados obtidos por instrumentos de medida e aspectos dinâmicos relacionados à interpretação clínica. No entanto é possível identificar algumas dificuldades relacionadas a esse processo, tais como 1) limitações na compreensão de aspectos psicométricos e estatísticos por parte dos profissionais, 2) a utilização de instrumentos, em contextos clínicos que originalmente foram desenvolvidos para avaliação de trânsito e seleção organizacional e 3) um baixo consenso da relação entre percentil e classificação, o que pode gerar inconsistências entre resultados e avaliações. Posto isso, o presente trabalho é um estudo teórico que revisita conceitos fundamentais em Estatística e Psicometria associados à Neuropsicologia, discute condições em que testes voltados para trânsito e organizações são utilizados em Neuropsicologia e apresenta uma proposta de classificação.

Neuropsychological assessment is a fundamental procedure, especially in cases of suspected neurological, psychological, or psychiatric disorders. One of its purposes is to map aspects of the patient's psychological and behavioral profiles and, with that, contribute to mental health's diagnostic process. This process combines the results obtained by psychometric instruments and dynamic aspects related to clinical evaluation. However, we note some difficulties related to this process, such as 1) limitations in the understanding of psychometric and statistical aspects by the professionals or clinicians; 2) use of instruments developed for Traffic Psychology assessment and personnel selection in industrial and organizational settings; 3) a low consensus on the relationship between percentile and classification or descriptors to scores that represent the performance obtained in the test, which can lead to inconsistencies between results and evaluations. That said, this theoretical study revisits fundamental concepts in Psychometrics and Statistics related to Neuropsychology, discusses the conditions under which contextual-unrelated tests are used in Neuropsychology, and provides a proposal for classification.

Comparação de dados normativos do "ages and stages questionnaires" original e adaptado para creches públicas do Rio de Janeiro / Comparison of normative data from the original "Ages and Stages Questionnaires" and adapted for public daycare centers in Rio de Janeiro

A Secretaria de Educação do município do Rio de Janeiro aplicou, em 2010, 2011 e 2012, nas 468 creches públicas, o instrumento "Ages & Stages Questionnaire", Terceira Edição, em sua versão adaptada e contextualizada ao Brasil (ASQ3-BR). Esta aplicação teve objetivo de fazer um rastreio do desenvolvimento de 109.758 crianças atendidas pelas creches, com idade entre 10 e 54 meses, especificamente em domínios relacionados à Comunicação, Coordenação Motora Ampla, Coordenação Motora Fina, Resolução de Problemas e Pessoal-Social. Os dados obtidos foram analisados visando o desenvolvimento de normas de interpretação do instrumento para população específica de crianças em creches brasileira. Isto foi realizado através do cálculo das médias e desvios-padrão dos escores, bem como pelos respectivos pontos de corte inferiores, considerados por dois desvios-padrão abaixo da média, e percentis de 5% e 10%. A partir deste procedimento, os resultados obtidos pelas crianças brasileiras foram comparados com os valores normativos estabelecidos pelo instrumento em seu original tanto para confirmar suas características psicométricas como para identificar possíveis diferenças nos resultados das crianças. Observou-se que os resultados obtidos nas creches públicas do Rio de Janeiro são inferiores àqueles observados no contexto norte-americano. Entretanto, eles tendem a se equiparar com o norte-americano no decorrer do amadurecimento da criança, especialmente quando elas ultrapassam os 24 meses de idade. Neste sentido, é possível sugerir que a estimulação oferecida pelas creches contribui para o desenvolvimento das crianças atendidas.

The Rio de Janeiro municipality Education Secretary applied in 2010, 2011, and 2012 the Portuguese-BR version (ASQ3-BR) of the Ages & Stages Questionnaire, Third Edition, in 468 public kindergartens to assess the development of 109,758 children aged 10 to 54 months. This endeavour was carried out to get information about the development of Communication, Gross Motor Coordination, Fine Motor Coordination, Problem Solving, and Personal-Social. The results were analysed, identifying the instrument's norms to its interpretation, as well as the respective cut-offs considering two standard deviations below the mean. In addition, the 5% and 10% percentiles based on the obtained scores were calculated. Also, the results were compared with normative values established by the original instrument to confirm its psychometric characteristics and to identify differences in the obtained data. It was observed that the results obtained in Rio de Janeiro's public daycare centers, although they started with results lower than those observed by the author of the instrument in the United States, after the age of 36 months, and with 24 months of living with other children, the results are matched with the American results, from which it can be concluded that the stimulation by living in daycare centers is effective for the psychomotor development of the children attended.

Exploring the Frequency of Anxiety and Depression Symptoms in a Brazilian Sample during the COVID-19 Outbreak.

The COVID-19 pandemic is a public health emergency of international concern, and the main measures to contain the spread of the coronavirus causing COVID-19 were social distancing, quarantine, and self-isolation. Although these policies are effective in containing the spread of the virus, they might represent a challenge to psychological well-being, increasing levels of depressive and anxiety-related symptoms. AIMS: We explored the frequency of anxiety and depression symptoms during COVID-19 restrictions and associations with sociodemographic factors in a Brazilian sample. METHOD: Data of a total of 936 Brazilian adults (68.2% women) aged 18 to 77 years old (M = 38.95, SD = 13.91) were collected through an online survey. RESULTS: In general, we observed a frequency of 17.36% for severe anxiety and 66.13% for severe depression symptoms, in which younger participants (18-39 years old) and women showed higher scores in anxiety and depression scales compared to older age groups. Logistic regressions showed that women were more likely to present severe symptoms of anxiety (20.4%) compared to men (10.9%), as well as respondents in the educational sector (24.3%) compared to those in the health sector (10%). CONCLUSIONS: We highlight the importance of mental health professionals in developing strategies to help younger adults to mitigate the effects of social restriction.

The development process of a measure of democratic culture in organizations / Processo de desenvolvimento de uma medida de cultura democrática nas organizações / El proceso de desarrollo de una medida de cultura democrática en las organizaciones

BACKGROUND: The development of a psychometric measure for assessing democratic culture in organizations is described. METHODS: Two studies were conducted. A literature review of studies reporting democratic culture instruments was undertaken. Six databases were used within the timeframe of between 2015 and 2020. Four specialists rated the derived items on clarity, relevance, and translation via the content validity coefficient (CVC). An exploratory factor analysis (EFA) was performed with 225 individuals and the internal consistency was evaluated by Cronbach's alpha. RESULTS: A set of 2,049 articles were obtained in the literature review. The content validity coefficient allowed us to gather 96 items. The EFA achieved a final multidimensional solution formed of 58 items in 6 correlated factors: Citizen Participation, Tolerance and Openness, Organizational Citizenship, Traditionalist Dogmatism, Individualism and Rebellion, and Punitive Authoritarianism. Cronbach's alpha ranged from .59 to .78. CONCLUSION: This article presented several procedures used to develop a new measure of democratic culture in organizations.

Este trabalho visa o desenvolvimento de uma medida psicométrica para avaliação da cultura democrática em organizações. MÉTODOS: Dois estudos foram realizados. No primeiro, uma revisão de literatura com estudos que usaram instrumentos de cultura democrática foi realizada. Seis bases de dados foram usadas entre 2015 e 2020. Quatro especialistas avaliaram os itens derivados quanto à clareza, relevância e tradução por meio do Coeficiente de Validade de Conteúdo (CVC). Uma Análise Fatorial Exploratória (AFE) foi realizada com 225 indivíduos e a consistência interna foi avaliada pelo alfa de Cronbach. RESULTADOS: 2.049 artigos foram obtidos na revisão. O CVC nos permitiu reunir 96 itens. A EFA alcançou uma solução multidimensional formada por 58 itens em seis fatores correlacionados de Participação Cidadã, Tolerância e Abertura, Cidadania Organizacional, Dogmatismo Tradicionalista, Individualismo e Rebelião, Autoritarismo Punitivo. O alfa de Cronbach variou de 0,59 a 0,78. CONCLUSÃO: Este artigo apresentou procedimentos usados para desenvolver uma nova medida de cultura democrática.

OBJETIVO: El objetivo de este trabajo fue describir el desarrollo de una medida psicométrica para la evaluación de la cultura democrática en organizaciones. MÉTODOS: Se realizaron dos estudios: una revisión de la literatura de estudios que informan sobre instrumentos de cultura democrática, en seis bases de datos, en el período de 2015 a 2020, en la cual cuatro especialistas calificaron los elementos derivados según su claridad, relevancia y traducción con base en el coeficiente de validez del contenido (CVC); y un Análisis Factorial Exploratorio (AFE) con 225 individuos en que se evaluó la consistencia interna utilizando el Alfa de Cronbach. RESULTADOS: Se obtuvo un conjunto de 2 049 artículos en la revisión de la literatura; el CVC permitió reunir 96 elementos; la EFA logró una solución multidimensional conformada por 58 ítems en 6 factores correlacionados de Participación Ciudadana, Tolerancia y Apertura, Ciudadanía Organizacional, Dogmatismo Tradicionalista, Individualismo y Rebelión y Autoritarismo Punitivo; y el Alfa de Cronbach osciló entre 0,59 y 0,78. CONCLUSIÓN: Este artículo presentó procedimientos utilizados para desarrollar una nueva medida de cultura democrática.

Structural Gray and White Matter Correlates of Awareness in Alzheimer's Disease.

BACKGROUND: Unawareness of disease is a common feature of Alzheimer's disease (AD), but few studies explored its neural correlates. Additionally, neural correlates according to the object of awareness are unexplored. OBJECTIVE: To investigate structural brain correlates in relation to different objects of awareness. METHODS: 27 people with AD underwent MRI scanning on a 3T Siemens Prisma. T1-MPRAGE was used to investigate cortical thickness and white matter microstructure was defined by DTI as fractional anisotropy, mean, axial, and radial diffusivity. Preprocessing used FreeSurfer6.0, ExploreDTI, and FSL-TBSS. Awareness of disease, cognitive deficits, emotional state, relationships, and functional capacity were assessed with the short version of the Assessment Scale of Psychosocial Impact of the Diagnosis of Dementia. Voxel-wise correlations between brain structure and awareness were determined by FSL-PALM. Analyses were corrected for multiple comparisons using Threshold Free Cluster Enhancement and FWE. RESULTS: Lower left hemisphere cortical thickness was related to poorer disease awareness uncorrected and corrected for age, sex, and MMSE. In the uncorrected model, mainly right-sided, but also left temporal lower cortical thickness was related to decreased awareness of cognitive deficits. Correcting for age, sex, and MMSE eliminated correlations for the right hemisphere, but extensive correlations in the left hemisphere remained. For white matter integrity, higher right hemisphere MD was related to lower cognitive awareness deficits, and lower FA was related to lower functional capacity awareness. CONCLUSION: Findings suggest that extensive regions of the brain are linked to self-awareness, with particular frontal and temporal alterations leading to unawareness, in agreement with theoretical models indicating executive and mnemonic forms of anosognosia in AD.

Motivational Climate Measures in Sport: A Systematic Review.

Motivational climate can be defined as the environmental status of sport that influences motivation levels. The present study aimed to systematically identify the most widely used measures examining motivational climate. The databases for searching were PsycNET, PubMed and ScienceDirect. The search returned a total of 378 studies of which 8 met the inclusion criteria for analysis. The results show that the most used instruments for evaluation of motivational climate have good psychometric characteristics of reliability, validity and factorial structure. On the other hand, there was a lack of studies that analyzed invariance of measures, which may be a critical consideration. Finally, the review points out the need for development of new theoretical perspectives, potential new instruments that extend beyond the socio-cognitive approach and instruments that allow the measurement of other environmental, personal and structural variables other than parents, coaches and athletes.

Empathy in Alzheimer's Disease: Review of Findings and Proposed Model.

Empathy is essential for social interaction and a crucial trait to understand the intentions and behaviors of others and to react accordingly. Alzheimer's disease (AD) affects both cognitive and emotional processes and can lead to social dysfunction. Empathy results from the interaction of four components: shared neural representation, self-awareness, mental flexibility, and emotion regulation. This review discusses the abilities and deficits of patients with AD from the perspective of subcomponents of empathy and integrates these facets into a model of human empathy. The aim was to investigate the components that are affected by AD and the ways in which patients are still able to empathize with others in their social environment. It concludes that AD patients show a pattern of relatively preserved affective aspects and impairments in cognitive components of empathy and points out specific areas with the need for further research.

A elegia da lembrança impossível: dor, memória e afeto em corredores de longa distância / Elegy for the Impossible Memory: pain, memory and affection in long-distance runners

A memória é uma função psicológica plástica e dinâmica. Além disso, há uma estreita ligação entre eventos mnêmicos e estados afetivos. Esse trabalho objetivou estudar o efeito do tempo e dos afetos positivos e negativos na evocação de uma memória de dor ocasionada por uma corrida de longa distância e de confirmar a estrutura fatorial da Escala de Afetos Positivos e Negativos (PANAS). Em 2016, 138 corredores de 21,1 e 42,2 km foram avaliados com a Escala Numérica de Dor (NRS) e a PANAS em dois momentos:imediatamente após completarem a corrida e 6 meses depois. Não houve diferença entre o relato imediato após a corrida e a evocação da magnitude dador (t(57) = ,136, p = ,446). Todos os participantes tiveram mais afetivos positivos do que negativos ao completar a corrida (t(135) = 32,19, p < ,001) e os afetos positivos contribuíram como preditores significativos e inversamente associados à recordação da dor (b = -,118, p = ,02). A PANAS apresentou ajustes adequados na Análise Fatorial Confirmatória (χ2(169) = 306; p < ,001; TLI = ,921;CFI = .929; RMSEA = ,081), mostrando-se apropriada para o uso em situações como essa. Os resultados oferecem mais evidências sobre a distorção que a memória apresenta e valida o PANAS para uso em situações similares à desta pesquisa.(AU)

Memory is a dynamic and plastic psychological function. In addition, there is aclose connection between memory events and affective states. This study aimedto study the effect of time and positive and negative affects on the recall of pain memory caused by a long-distance run and to confirm the factorial structure ofthe Positive and Negative Affect Scale (PANAS). In 2016, 138 runners of 21.1 and 42.2 km were evaluated with the Numerical Pain Scale (NRS) and PANAS intwo moments: immediately after completing the race and 6 months later. There was no difference between the immediate post-race report and the recall ofpain magnitude (t(57) =.136, p = .446). All participants reported more positive than negative affect upon completing the activity (t(135) = 32.19, p < .001) and positive affects contributed as significant predictor and inversely associated with recall of pain (b = -, 118 , p = 0.02). The PANAS had adequate goodness-offit values in the Confirmatory Factor Analysis (χ2 (169) = 306; p < .001; TLI =.921; CFI = .929; RMSEA = .081), proving to be appropriate for use in suchsituations. The results provide more evidence about the distortion phenomenon that memory presents and validate the PANAS for use in similar situations to this research.(AU)

A elegia da lembrança impossível: dor, memória e afeto em corredores de longa distância / Elegy for the Impossible Memory: pain, memory and affection in long-distance runners

A memória é uma função psicológica plástica e dinâmica. Além disso, há uma estreita ligação entre eventos mnêmicos e estados afetivos. Esse trabalho objetivou estudar o efeito do tempo e dos afetos positivos e negativos na evocação de uma memória de dor ocasionada por uma corrida de longa distância e de confirmar a estrutura fatorial da Escala de Afetos Positivos e Negativos (PANAS). Em 2016, 138 corredores de 21,1 e 42,2 km foram avaliados com a Escala Numérica de Dor (NRS) e a PANAS em dois momentos:imediatamente após completarem a corrida e 6 meses depois. Não houve diferença entre o relato imediato após a corrida e a evocação da magnitude dador (t(57) = ,136, p = ,446). Todos os participantes tiveram mais afetivos positivos do que negativos ao completar a corrida (t(135) = 32,19, p < ,001) e os afetos positivos contribuíram como preditores significativos e inversamente associados à recordação da dor (b = -,118, p = ,02). A PANAS apresentou ajustes adequados na Análise Fatorial Confirmatória (χ2(169) = 306; p < ,001; TLI = ,921;CFI = .929; RMSEA = ,081), mostrando-se apropriada para o uso em situações como essa. Os resultados oferecem mais evidências sobre a distorção que a memória apresenta e valida o PANAS para uso em situações similares à desta pesquisa

Memory is a dynamic and plastic psychological function. In addition, there is aclose connection between memory events and affective states. This study aimedto study the effect of time and positive and negative affects on the recall of pain memory caused by a long-distance run and to confirm the factorial structure ofthe Positive and Negative Affect Scale (PANAS). In 2016, 138 runners of 21.1 and 42.2 km were evaluated with the Numerical Pain Scale (NRS) and PANAS intwo moments: immediately after completing the race and 6 months later. There was no difference between the immediate post-race report and the recall ofpain magnitude (t(57) =.136, p = .446). All participants reported more positive than negative affect upon completing the activity (t(135) = 32.19, p < .001) and positive affects contributed as significant predictor and inversely associated with recall of pain (b = -, 118 , p = 0.02). The PANAS had adequate goodness-offit values in the Confirmatory Factor Analysis (χ2 (169) = 306; p < .001; TLI =.921; CFI = .929; RMSEA = .081), proving to be appropriate for use in suchsituations. The results provide more evidence about the distortion phenomenon that memory presents and validate the PANAS for use in similar situations to this research